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the
work and activities of soviet writers, artists, filmmakers,
scientists, academics, and other intellectuals had prepared the soil
for the rebirth of civil society in the late 1980s and its
emancipation from tight party-state control. in the conditions of
brezhnev抯 soviet union these small circles of like-minded
intellectuals were not yet pressure groups in the full sense. their
intellectual explorations and aesthetic search were conducted within
the permissible leeway, prescribed explicitly or implicitly by the
authorities. attempts to go beyond the allowed limits of creative or
academic freedom by such groups and their individual members were
not tolerated: such 搕respassers?were branded 揹issidents?and
subjected to repression. |
even
the privileged 搊ases of free thought?that flourished in the
academic think tanks remained insecure. in the early 1980s
conservative elements in the soviet leadership attacked the usa and
canada institute, the reform-minded economists from the novosibirsk
branch of the ussr academy of sciences, and the
economic-mathematical institute in moscow. a crackdown at imemo was
also planned, following the arrest by the kgb of two members of its
staff accused of distributing leaflets that criticized the official
interpretation of the recent events in poland and openly sympathized
with the polish solidarity movement. a high-ranking party commission
was set up to scrutinize the activities of the institute, with the
undeclared intention to discredit its staff and oust its director,
nikolai inozemtsev.
under brezhnev抯 authoritarian rule, cultural and academic pluralism
remained limited in scope and fell short of real ideological and
political pluralism. nevertheless, the rise of informal interest
groups in the postwar ussr was an indication of the important
developments in the depths of soviet society that were beginning to
affect and modify its political system. the cultural and scholarly
activities of the educated elites were softening the totalitarian
monolith gradually, eroding its outdated ideological and
intellectual foundations imperceptibly, spontaneously, and almost
unintentionally. the full effect of these changes would be felt in
the gorbachev period and beyond, when the reformist ideas, aired and
developed in the 1960s and 1970s, would spread from the educated
society to reach the key decision makers in the government.