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the
second five-year plan梖rom january 1933 to december 1937梐lso gave
priority to heavy industry. one of the weaknesses revealed during
the first five-year plan was that of the soviet infrastructure,
especially roads, railways, and canals. |
consequently, the second
plan also provided for reconstruction and double tracking of the
principal lines, starting with the trans-siberian railway. the
widening of old canals and the construction of new ones (like the
moscow-volga canal) was another vital task assigned to the new plan.
by 1933 the altered international position of the ussr resulting
from hitler抯 seizure of power was reflected in a rapid expansion of
armament production. the armed forces were gradually reshaped into
an increasingly professional, modern fighting machine, comparable to
those of other great powers. between 1933 and 1936, the size of the
red army tripled, from 562,000 to 1.5 million, exceeding the size of
the imperial army in 1913.
as
with the first five-year plan, the second was also officially
declared completed nine months ahead of time, in 1937. again,
however, not all of its goals were achieved. among the items that
surpassed their estimated targets were steel and the automotive
industry, created practically from scratch. tanks and armored cars
were given priority over civilian vehicles. the most striking
failure was consumer goods production.
the
first two five-year plans increased the industrial capacity of the
ussr dramatically in all major fields梥teel, coal, and electric
power梐nd created new manufacturing sectors indispensable to any
great power梐utomobiles, aviation, chemicals, and plastics.
consequently, the first two five-year plans laid the foundation of
the industrial might of the soviet union, especially in the military
field.
industrial expansion and often forcible relocation involved a
massive shift of sometimes unwilling citizens, mostly from the
countryside to the cities. between 1926 and 1939 the overall
percentage of urban dwellers nearly doubled, from 18 to 33 percent.
during the first two five-year plans nearly twelve million people
moved from the countryside to the cities. history had rarely seen
migrations on such a scale. most of the migrants left the
countryside during the first five-year plan as a result of the
collectivization and the policy of 搇iquidation of the kulak as a
class.?the dramatic increase in the number of city dwellers
represented in itself a major aspect of the stalin revolution,
leading to rapid urbanization of soviet society.
